Biomedical instrumentation and measurement
How signals are acquired, conditioned and recorded, and how measurement systems are calibrated and validated. This theme underpins all other work on this site.
Research
Research themes, verified work and open questions
This page separates published work, research themes, proposed methods and unanswered questions. Each category is labelled, so that a hypothesis is never read as a finding.
Research themes
What the research covers
The themes below describe the areas of interest. They are not claims of completed projects.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
The use of impedance measured across a body segment, and the prediction equations used to convert it into body-composition estimates. Study of its repeatability and assumptions.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
Impedance measured across a range of frequencies and analysed as a spectrum. Used in electrochemistry and materials science, and explored here as a method for biomedical measurement questions.
Interdisciplinary methodology
Protocols, reporting standards, blinding, confounding and statistics for studies that combine homoeopathy, clinical research and engineering measurement.
Psychiatry and behavioural health
The author's academic background includes psychiatry and behavioural health teaching. Relevant published records are being checked and will appear in the archive once verified.
Doctoral research
Summary: BIA measurements in the study of homoeopathic interventions
Title in the summary: Efficacy of Homoeopathic Intervention Analysed by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Measurements.
Author's own summary, supplied by the site owner, dated 18 April 2026. The degree award and any publication status are not stated in the summary and are not claimed on this site.
Research questions and aims (as stated)
- Whether a bioelectrical impedance measurement system can support clinical evaluation of physical disorders.
- Whether biomedical engineering methods can help clinicians with decision-making.
- Whether scientific validation of homoeopathic treatment is possible with such measurements.
- To develop measurement parameters for studying mechanisms in homoeopathy.
Study design (as described in the summary)
- Planned sample of 131 patients, selected by simple random sampling, in OPD, IPD and peripheral OPDs of one institute.
- Planned duration of three years, with a two-year enrolment period.
- Informed consent and ethics clearance are described. The summary does not give an approval reference.
- The summary does not describe blinding of assessors.
Read this before citing the summary. The conclusions in the summary, including statements about effectiveness, are the author's own interpretation. This website does not endorse them. Measurement changes over time, reported in a study that does not describe blinding, cannot by themselves show that a treatment works. Full thesis review, peer review and independent replication are needed before any efficacy claim is made.
Terminology note. The summary uses "Electro-Interstitial Scan (EIS)" for its device. This is different from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which the BIA and EIS guide describes. The two terms should not be read as the same technique.
Evidence categories
How each statement on this site is labelled
A reader should always know which category a statement belongs to.
| Category | What it means | Example on this site |
|---|---|---|
| Established principle | Widely accepted scientific or engineering knowledge | Impedance is the ratio of voltage to current in an AC circuit |
| Proposed framework | An idea put forward for discussion and testing, not yet established | Homoeo-bio-engineering as an interdisciplinary framework |
| Hypothesis | A testable statement, which may turn out to be false | A standardised protocol yields repeatable values in a given population |
| Published finding | A result reported in a verified publication, with its design limits | Preclinical results listed in the publication archive |
| Open question | A question with no established answer | Whether any measured change is clinically meaningful |
Published work
Verified publications
Only publications whose metadata has been checked against a publisher, PubMed or an author profile are listed in the archive. Other records are being checked and are not shown until verified.
The archive shows title, authors, journal, year, study type and a neutral summary. Each entry links to the DOI or PubMed record.
Study types used in the archive
- Preclinical: laboratory or animal studies. They cannot be read directly as evidence about humans.
- Observational: studies that record outcomes without assigning interventions.
- Experimental (human): studies that assign interventions. Design and controls are needed to interpret them.
- Review or commentary: summaries or opinion pieces.
Research gaps
Open research questions
These questions are listed as directions for study. None is answered by this site.
Measurement reliability
- How repeatable are BIA and EIS values under a fully standardised protocol?
- Which sources of variation (hydration, temperature, posture, device) matter most?
Interpretation
- What size of change is needed before it can be considered meaningful?
- How are measured changes to be separated from expectation, placebo and observer effects?
Design and reporting
- Which reporting standards suit interdisciplinary homoeopathic measurement studies?
- Can pre-registered protocols and shared datasets be used in this field?
Hypotheses
Hypotheses are proposals, not results
A hypothesis states what a study would test and what result would count against it. Before a hypothesis can be supported, the study needs a pre-specified design, measurement plan and analysis.
Hypotheses on this site are presented with their test conditions. They are never presented as established conclusions.
What this site does not claim
Limits of the current work
- It does not claim that any homoeopathic product or method has been shown to be effective in humans.
- It does not claim that a BIA or EIS change proves a therapeutic effect.
- It does not offer a guaranteed cure or diagnosis.
- It does not list funded projects, awards or ethics approvals unless they are documented and verified.